% Encoding: UTF-8
@book{abraham2019big,
  title={{Big Data for 21st Century Economic Statistics}},
  editor={Abraham, Katharine G. and Jarmin, Ron S. and Moyer, Brian and Shapiro, Matthew D.},
  year={2019},
  series ={{NBER Book Series Studies in Income and Wealth}},
  publisher = {{Chicago: University of Chicago Press}}
}

@techreport{aldy2014,
 title = {{The Labor Market Impacts of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Oil Drilling Moratorium}},
 author = {Aldy, Joseph E.},
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 20409},
 year = {2014},
 month = {8}
}

@article{SecondMeasureAlexanderKarger,
    author = {Alexander, Diane and Karger, Ezra},
    title = {{Do Stay-at-Home Orders Cause People to Stay at Home? Effects of Stay-at-Home Orders on Consumer Behavior}},
    journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
    pages = {1--11},
    year = {2023},
    volume = {105},
    number = {4},
    abstract = "{We link the county-level rollout of stay-at-home orders during the Covid-19 pandemic to anonymized cell phone records and consumer spending data. We document three patterns. First, stay-at-home orders caused people to stay home: county-level measures of mobility declined 6-7\% within two days of when the stayat-home order went into effect. Second, stay-at-home orders caused large reductions in spending in sectors associated with mobility: small businesses and large retail chains. Third, we estimate fairly uniform responses to stay-at-home orders across the country; effects do not vary by county-level income, political leanings, or urban/rural status.}",
    issn = {0034-6535}
}

@article{allcott2020,
title = {{Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic}},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
volume = {191},
pages = {104254},
year = {2020},
issn = {0047-2727},
author = {Hunt Allcott and Levi Boxell and Jacob Conway and Matthew Gentzkow and Michael Thaler and David Yang},
keywords = {Coronavirus, Political polarization, Media trust, Health behaviors},
abstract = {We study partisan differences in Americans' response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Political leaders and media outlets on the right and left have sent divergent messages about the severity of the crisis, which could impact the extent to which Republicans and Democrats engage in social distancing and other efforts to reduce disease transmission. We develop a simple model of a pandemic response with heterogeneous agents that clarifies the causes and consequences of heterogeneous responses. We use location data from a large sample of smartphones to show that areas with more Republicans engaged in less social distancing, controlling for other factors including public policies, population density, and local COVID cases and deaths. We then present new survey evidence of significant gaps at the individual level between Republicans and Democrats in self-reported social distancing, beliefs about personal COVID risk, and beliefs about the future severity of the pandemic.}
}

@article{an2021more,
  title={{More Than Shelter: The Effects of Rental Eviction Moratoria on Household Well-Being}},
  author={An, Xudong and Gabriel, Stuart A. and Tzur-Ilan, Nitzan},
  year={2022},
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  pages = {308--312},
  volume = {112}
}

@techreport{andersen2022,
 title = {{Disaggregated Economic Accounts}},
 author = "Asger Andersen and Emil T. Hansen and Kilian Huber and Niels Johannesen and Ludwig Straub",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 30630},
 year = "2022"
}

@article{angrist1996identification,
  title={{Identification of Causal Effects using Instrumental Variables}},
  author={Angrist, Joshua D. and Imbens, Guido W. and Rubin, Donald B.},
  journal={Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume={91},
  number={434},
  pages={444--455},
  year={1996}
}

@article{austin2018jobs,
  title={{Jobs for the Heartland: Place-Based Policies in 21st Century America}},
  author={Austin, Benjamin A. and Glaeser, Edward L. and Summers, Lawrence H.},
  year={2018},
  month={4},
  journal = {Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
  pages={151--232},
  volume={2018},
  number = {1}
}

@article{autor2020evaluation,
title = {{An Evaluation of the Paycheck Protection Program Using Administrative Payroll Microdata}},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
volume = {211},
pages = {104664},
year = {2022},
issn = {0047-2727},
author = {David Autor and David Cho and Leland D. Crane and Mita Goldar and Byron Lutz and Joshua Montes and William B. Peterman and David Ratner and Daniel Villar and Ahu Yildirmaz},
keywords = {Paycheck Protection Program, COVID-19, Fiscal Policy},
abstract = {The Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), a principal element of the fiscal stimulus enacted by Congress in response to the COVID-19 economic shock, was intended to assist small businesses to maintain employment and wages during the crisis, as well as cover other expenses. We use high-frequency administrative payroll data from ADP—one of the world’s largest payroll processing firms—to estimate the causal effect of the PPP on the evolution of employment at PPP-eligible firms relative to PPP-ineligible firms, where eligibility is determined by industry-specific firm-size cutoffs. Our estimates indicate that the PPP boosted employment at eligible firms by between 2 percent to 5 percent at its peak effect around mid-May 2020. The boost to employment waned thereafter and ranged from no effect to a 3 percent boost at the end of 2020. Our estimates imply that employers retained an additional 3.6 million jobs as of mid-May 2020, and 1.4 million jobs at the end of 2020, as a consequence of PPP. The estimated cost per year of employment retained was \$169,000 to \$258,000, equal to 3.4 to 5.2 times median earnings.}
}

@article{autor2022800,
  title={{The \$800 Billion Paycheck Protection Program: Where Did the Money Go and Why Did It Go There?}},
  author={Autor, David and Cho, David and Crane, Leland D. and Goldar, Mita and Lutz, Byron and Montes, Joshua and Peterman, William B. and Ratner, David and Villar, Daniel and Yildirmaz, Ahu},
  journal={Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume={36},
  number={2},
  pages={55--80},
  year={2022}
}

@article{BakerStimulus,
    author = {Baker, Scott R. and Farrokhnia, Robert A. and Meyer, Steffen and Pagel, Michaela and Yannelis, Constantine},
    title = {{Income, Liquidity, and the Consumption Response to the 2020 Economic Stimulus Payments}},
    journal = {Review of Finance},
    year = {2023},
    month = {03},
    abstract = "{The 2020 CARES Act directed large cash payments to households. We analyze households’ spending responses using data from a Fintech nonprofit, exploring heterogeneity by income, recent income declines, and liquidity as well as linked survey responses about economic expectations. Households respond rapidly to payments, with spending increasing by about \\$0.14 per dollar during the first week and plateauing around \\$0.25–\\$0.30 over 3 months. In contrast to previous stimulus programs, we see little response of durables spending. Households with lower incomes, greater income declines, and less liquidity display stronger responses whereas households that expect employment losses and benefit cuts display weaker responses.}",
    issn = {1572-3097},
    pages = {rfad010},
    eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/rof/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/rof/rfad010/50035963/rfad010.pdf}
}

@techreport{BartikRothsteinHomebase,
 title = {{Measuring the Labor Market at the Onset of the COVID-19 Crisis}},
 author = "Bartik, Alexander W. and Bertrand, Marianne and Lin, Feng and Rothstein, Jesse and Unrath, Matt",
 year = "2020",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 27613}
}

@article{RESTARTact,
  title={{S 3814-RESTART Act}},
  author={Bennet, M},
  journal={Senate - Finance Committee},
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{berger2012countercyclical,
  title={{Countercyclical Restructuring and Jobless Recoveries}},
  author={Berger, David},
  type={Working Paper},
  year={2012}
}

@techreport{blanchet2022real,
title = {{Real-Time Inequality}},
author = "Blanchet, Thomas and Saez, Emmanuel and Zucman, Gabriel",
type = {NBER Working Paper no. 30229},
year = "2022",
month = "7"
}

@misc{BoGFED2019,
  author = {{Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System}},
  title = {{The 2019 Federal Reserve Payments Study}},
  year = {2019},
}

@article{broda2014,
title = {{The Economic Stimulus Payments of 2008 and the Aggregate Demand for Consumption}},
journal = {Journal of Monetary Economics},
volume = {68},
pages = {S20--S36},
year = {2014},
issn = {0304-3932},
author = {Broda, Christian and Parker, Jonathan A.}
}

@article{brodeur2021,
author = {Brodeur, Abel and Gray, David and Islam, Anik and Bhuiyan, Suraiya},
title = {{A Literature Review of the Economics of COVID-19}},
journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {1007--1044},
year = {2021}
}

@report{treasury_statements,
  title={{Daily Treasury Statement: Issues: Current and Archive}},
  author={{Bureau of the Fiscal Service}}, 
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{ADPHurstetal,
 title = {{The U.S. Labor Market During the Beginning of the Pandemic Recession}},
 author = "Cajner, Tomaz and Crane, Leland D. and Decker, Ryan A. and Grigsby, John and Hamins-Puertolas, Adrian and Hurst, Erik and Kurz, Christopher and Yildirmaz, Ahu",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 27159},
 year = "2020",
 month = "5",
 abstract = {Using weekly, anonymized administrative payroll data from the largest U.S. payroll processing company, we measure the deterioration of the U.S. labor market during the first two months of the global COVID-19 pandemic. We find that U.S. private-sector employment contracted by about 22 percent between mid-February and mid-April. Businesses suspending operations—perhaps temporarily—account for a significant share of employment losses, particularly among smaller businesses. Hours worked for continuing workers fell by 4.5 percent. We highlight large differences in employment declines by industry, business size, state of residence, and demographic group. Workers in the bottom quintile of the wage distribution experienced a 35 percent employment decline while those in the top quintile experienced only a 9 percent decline. Large differences across the wage distribution persist even after conditioning on worker age, business industry, business size, and worker location. As a result, average base wages increased by over 5 percent, though this increase arose entirely through a composition effect. Overall, we document that the speed and magnitude of labor market deterioration during the early parts of the pandemic were unprecedented in the postwar period, particularly for the bottom of the earnings distribution.}
}

@book{carman2020,
author="Carman, Katherine Grace and Nataraj, Shanthi",
title={{2020 American Life Panel Survey on Impacts of COVID-19: Technical Documentation}},
year="2020",
doi="10.7249/RRA308-1",
publisher={California: RAND Corporation}
}

@techreport{carnevale2014understanding,
  title={{Understanding Online Job Ads Data}},
  author={Carnevale, Anthony P. and Jayasundera, Tamara and Repnikov, Dmitri},
  type={Georgetown University, Center on Education and the Workforce},
  year={2014}
}

@techreport{casado2020effect,
  title={{The Effect of Fiscal Stimulus: Evidence from COVID-19}},
  author={Casado, Miguel Garza and Glennon, Britta and Lane, Julia and McQuown, David and Rich, Daniel and Weinberg, Bruce A.},
  year={2020},
  type = {NBER Working Paper no. 27576}
}

@techreport{cavallo2020inflation,
  title={{Inflation with Covid Consumption Baskets}},
  author={Cavallo, Alberto},
  year={2020},
  type = {NBER Working Paper no. 27352}
}

@article{chetty2020college,
  title={{Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States}},
  author={Chetty, Raj and Friedman, John N. and Saez, Emmanuel and Turner, Nicholas and Yagan, Danny},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={135},
  number={3},
  pages={1567--1633},
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{chetty2021jan,
  title={{Effects of January 2021 Stimulus Payments on Consumer Spending}},
  author={Chetty, Raj and Friedman, John N. and Stepner, Michael},
  year={2021},
  type={Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker}
}

@article{chetty2014land,
  title={{Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States}},
  author={Chetty, Raj and Hendren, Nathaniel and Kline, Patrick and Saez, Emmanuel},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={129},
  number={4},
  pages={1553--1623},
  year={2014}
}

@techreport{coibion2020labor,
  title={{Labor Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary View}},
  author={Coibion, Olivier and Gorodnichenko, Yuriy and Weber, Michael},
  year={2020},
  type = {NBER Working Paper no. 27017}
}

@article{coombs2022,
Author = {Coombs, Kyle and Dube, Arindrajit and Jahnke, Calvin and Kluender, Raymond and Naidu, Suresh and Stepner, Michael},
title = {{Early Withdrawal of Pandemic Unemployment Insurance: Effects on Employment and Earnings}},
Journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
Volume = {112},
Year = {2022},
Month = {5},
Pages = {85--90}
}

@article{farrellJPMorgan2020,
  title={{Initial Impacts of the Pandemic on Consumer Behavior: Evidence from Linked Income, Spending, and Savings Data}},
  author={Cox, Natalie and Ganong, Peter and Noel, Pascal and Vavra, Joseph and Wong, Arlene and Farrell, Diana and Greig, Fiona},
  year={2020},
  journal={Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
  pages={35--69},
  volume={2020},
  number={1}
}

@article{BurningGlassDemingKahn,
 author = {Deming, David and Kahn, Lisa B.},
 title = {{Skill Requirements Across Firms and Labor Markets: Evidence from Job Postings for Professionals}},
 journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
 volume = {36},
 number = {S1},
 pages = {S337-S369},
 year = {2018},
 abstract = {We study variation in skill demands for professionals across firms and labor markets. We categorize a wide range of keywords found in job ads into 10 general skills. There is substantial variation in these skill requirements, even within narrowly defined occupations. Focusing particularly on cognitive and social skills, we find positive correlations between each skill and external measures of pay and firm performance. We also find evidence of a cognitive social skill complementarity for both outcomes. As a whole, job skills have explanatory power in pay and firm performance regressions beyond what is available in widely used labor market data. }
}

@techreport{dunn2020measuring,
  title={{Measuring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumer Spending Using Card Transaction Data}},
  author={Dunn, Abe and Hood, Kyle and Driessen, Alexander},
  type={BEA Working Paper Series, WP2020-5},
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{dutz2021,
 title = {{Selection in Surveys}},
 author = "Dutz, Deniz and Huitfeldt, Ingrid and Lacouture, Santiago and Mogstad, Magne and Torgovitsky, Alexander and van Dijk, Winnie",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 29549},
 year = "2021",
 month = "12"
}

@article{eichenbaum2020macroeconomics,
  title={{The Macroeconomics of Epidemics}},
  author={Eichenbaum, Martin S. and Rebelo, Sergio and Trabandt, Mathias},
  journal={The Review of Financial Studies},
  volume={34},
  number={11},
  pages={5149--5187},
  year={2021}
}

@article{feenstra2015next,
  title={{The Next Generation of the Penn World Table}},
  author={Feenstra, Robert C. and Inklaar, Robert and Timmer, Marcel P.},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={105},
  number={10},
  pages={3150--3182},
  year={2015}
}

@article{FORSYTHE2022,
title = {{Where Have All the Workers Gone? Recalls, Retirements, and Reallocation in the COVID Recovery}},
journal = {Labour Economics},
volume = {78},
pages = {102251},
year = {2022},
issn = {0927-5371},
author = {Eliza Forsythe and Lisa B. Kahn and Fabian Lange and David Wiczer},
keywords = {COVID, Recessions, Reallocation, Labor supply, Recalls, Retirement},
abstract = {At the onset of the COVID pandemic, the U.S. economy suddenly and swiftly lost 20 million jobs. Over the next two years, the economy has been on the recovery path. We assess the labor market two years into the COVID crisis. We show that early employment dynamics were almost entirely driven by temporary layoffs and later recalls. Taking these into account, we show that the labor market remained surprisingly tight throughout the crisis, despite the dramatic job losses. By spring 2022, the labor market had largely recovered and was characterized by extremely tight markets and a slightly depressed employment-to-population ratio driven largely by retirements. Finally, we see surprisingly little evidence of excess reallocation, despite predictions that COVID would dramatically and permanently change the way we live and work. We do see that employment has reallocated somewhat away from low-skilled service jobs, and, in light of the job vacancy patterns, conclude that worker preferences or changes in job amenities are driving this shift. In addition, the retirements paved the way for movements up the job ladder, making low-skilled customer-facing jobs even less desirable.}
}

@article{forsythe2020labor,
  title={{Labor Demand in the Time of COVID-19: Evidence from Vacancy Postings and UI Claims}},
  author={Forsythe, Eliza and Kahn, Lisa B and Lange, Fabian and Wiczer, David},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={189},
  pages={104238},
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{ganong2022spending,
 title = {{Spending and Job-Finding Impacts of Expanded Unemployment Benefits: Evidence from Administrative Micro Data}},
 author = "Ganong, Peter and Greig, Fiona E. and Noel, Pascal J. and Sullivan, Daniel M. and Vavra, Joseph S.",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 30315},
 year = "2022",
 month = "8"
} 

@article{ganong2020us,
  title={{US Unemployment Insurance Replacement Rates During the Pandemic}},
  author={Peter Ganong and Pascal Noel and Joseph Vavra},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={191},
  pages={104273},
  year={2020}
}

@techreport{goldhaber2022,
 title = {{The Consequences of Remote and Hybrid Instruction During the Pandemic}},
 author = "Dan Goldhaber and Thomas J. Kane and Andrew McEachin and Emily Morton and Tyler Patterson and Douglas O. Staiger",
 type = {NBER Working Paper no. 30010},
 year = "2022",
 month = "5",
 abstract = {Using testing data from 2.1 million students in 10,000 schools in 49 states (plus D.C.), we investigate the role of remote and hybrid instruction in widening gaps in achievement by race and school poverty. We find that remote instruction was a primary driver of widening achievement gaps.  Math gaps did not widen in areas that remained in-person (although there was some widening in reading gaps in those areas). We estimate that high-poverty districts that went remote in 2020-21 will need to spend nearly all of their federal aid on academic recovery to help students recover from pandemic-related achievement losses.}
}

@article{goolsbee2021fear,
  title={{Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020}},
  author={Goolsbee, Austan and Syverson, Chad},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={193},
  pages={104311},
  year={2021}
}

@article{gould2022,
title = {{State of Working America 2021: Measuring Wages in the Pandemic Labor Market}},
journal = {Economic Policy Institute},
year = {2022},
month = {4},
author = {Elise Gould and Jori Kandra}
}

@article{PaycheckProtectionGranjaZwick,
  title={{Did the Paycheck Protection Program Hit the Target?}},
  author={Granja, Jo{\~a}o and Makridis, Christos and Yannelis, Constantine and Zwick, Eric},
  journal={Journal of Financial Economics},
  volume={145},
  number={3},
  pages={725--761},
  year={2022}
}

@techreport{diaryconsumerpayments,
  title={{2019 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice}},
  author={Greene, Claire and Stavins, Joanna},
  year={2020},
  type={Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta}
}

@techreport{greig2021,
  title={{Family Cash Balances, Income, and Expenditures Trends Through 2021}},
  author={Greig, Fiona and Deadman, Erica and Noel, Pascal},
  year={2021},
  type={JPMorgan Chase Institute},
  url={https://www.jpmorganchase.com/content/dam/jpmc/jpmorgan-chase-and-co/institute/pdf/Liquid-Asset-Report_ADA_Remediated.pdf}
}

@article{grisby2021,
title = {{Nominal Wage Adjustments During the Pandemic Recession}},
journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
volume = {111},
pages = {258--262},
year = {2021},
author = {John Grigsby and Erik Hurst and Ahu Yildirmaz and Yulia Zhestkova},
abstract = {In this paper, we show that the pandemic recession has led to frequent cuts in nominal wages. Within three months in 2020, as many wage cuts had occurred as occurred throughout the Great Recession. Unlike employment declines, wage cuts were concentrated at the top of the wage distribution. However, these cuts have been relatively short lived, particularly among high earners. Finally, wage cuts have been concentrated in firms that have seen large employment declines. Wage cuts appear not to be a substitute for cutting employment, at least when the shock to labor demand is this large.}
}

@article{guerrieri_macro_covid,
  title={{Macroeconomic Implications of COVID-19: Can Negative Supply Shocks Cause Demand Shortages?}},
  author={Guerrieri, Veronica and Lorenzoni, Guido and Straub, Ludwig and Werning, Iv{\'a}n},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={112},
  number={5},
  pages={1437--1474},
  year={2022}
}

@article{HershbeinKahn_RecessionsTechChange,
Author = {Hershbein, Brad and Kahn, Lisa B.},
title = {{Do Recessions Accelerate Routine-Biased Technological Change? Evidence from Vacancy Postings}},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {108},
Number = {7},
Year = {2018},
Month = {7},
Pages = {1737--1772}
}

@misc{ppp_hearing,
  title={{Oversight of the Small Business Administration and Department of Treasury Pandemic Programs: Hearing Before The House Committee on Small Business, 116th Cong. (Testimony of Steven Mnuchin)}},
  author={{House Committee on Small Business}},
  year={2020}
}

@article{hubbardppp,
  title={{Has the Paycheck Protection Program Succeeded?}},
  author={Hubbard, Glenn and Strain, Michael R.},
  journal={Brookings Papers on Economic Activity},
  year={2020},
  volume={2020},
  number={3},
  pages={335--390}
}

@report{irs_databook_2021,
  title={{Internal Revenue Service Data Book 2021}},
  author={{Internal Revenue Service}},
  year={2022},
  month={5},
  url={https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p55b.pdf}
}

@article{jack2022,
  title={{Pandemic Schooling Mode and Student Test Scores: Evidence from US School Districts}},
  author={Rebecca Jack and Clare Halloran and James Okun and Emily Oster},
  journal={American Economic Review: Insights},
  year={2023},
  volume={5},
  number={2},
  pages={173--190}
}

@article{jaimovich2020job,
  title={{Job Polarization and Jobless Recoveries}},
  author={Jaimovich, Nir and Siu, Henry E.},
  journal={The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume={102},
  number={1},
  pages={129--147},
  year={2020}
}

@article{jappelli2014,
Author = {Jappelli, Tullio and Pistaferri, Luigi},
title = {{Fiscal Policy and MPC Heterogeneity}},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
Volume = {6},
Number = {4},
Year = {2014},
Month = {10},
Pages = {107--136}
}

@article{johnson2006,
Author = {Johnson, David S. and Parker, Jonathan A. and Souleles, Nicholas S.},
title = {{Household Expenditure and the Income Tax Rebates of 2001}},
Journal = {American Economic Review},
Volume = {96},
Number = {5},
Year = {2006},
Month = {12},
Pages = {1589--1610}
}

@article{kaplan2014model,
  title={{A Model of the Consumption Response to Fiscal Stimulus Payments}},
  author={Kaplan, Greg and Violante, Giovanni L.},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={82},
  number={4},
  pages={1199--1239},
  year={2014}
}

@book{kuznets1941,
author={Kuznets, Simon},
title={{National Income and Its Composition, 1919--1938}},
year={1941},
publisher={New York: National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

@article{fortunearticle,
 author  = {Lambert, Lance and Sraders, Anne},
 date    = {2021-01-26},
 title   = {{\$1,400 Stimulus Checks Look Likely -- But the Recipients Might Change This Time}},
 journal = {Fortune},
 url     = {https://fortune.com/2021/01/26/stimulus-check-3-update-3rd-checks-payments-irs-1400-who-gets-qualifies/},
 urldate = {2022-08-15}
}

@article{Lazear2016,
author = {Lazear, Edward P. and Shaw, Kathryn L. and Stanton, Christopher},
title = {{Making Do with Less: Working Harder During Recessions}},
journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
volume = {34},
number = {S1},
pages = {S333--S360},
year = {2016},
abstract = {Why did productivity rise during recent recessions? One possibility is that average worker quality increased. A second is that each incumbent worker produced more. The second effect is termed “making do with less.” Using data from 2006 to 2010 on individual worker productivity from a large firm, these effects can be measured and separated. For this firm, most of the gain in productivity during the recession was a result of increased effort. Additionally, the increase in effort is correlated with the increase in the local unemployment rate, presumably reflecting the costs of losing a job.}
}

@techreport{leamer2011,
title = {{Workday, Holiday and Calendar Adjustment with 21st Century Data: Monthly Aggregates from Daily Diesel Fuel Purchases}},
author = "Leamer, Edward E.",
type = {NBER Working Paper no. 16897},
year = "2011",
month = "3"
}

@techreport{lin2020health,
  title={{Health vs. Wealth? Public Health Policies and the Economy During COVID-19}},
  author={Lin, Zhixian and Meissner, Christopher M.},
  year={2020},
  type={NBER Working Paper no. 27099}
}

@techreport{makridis2020cost,
  title={{The Cost of Covid-19: A Rough Estimate of the 2020 US GDP Impact}},
  author={Makridis, Christos and Hartley, Jonathan},
  type={Working Paper},
  year={2020}
}

@inproceedings{mcelroy2018,
title={{Modeling of Holiday Effects and Seasonality in Daily Time Series}},
author={McElroy, Tucker and Monsell, Brian and Hutchinson, Rebecca},
year={2018},
type = "Working Paper",
series = {{US Census Bureau, Center for Statistical Research and Methodology Report Series}},
number = "RRS2018-01"
}

@article{meyer2021,
title = {{An Empirical Total Survey Error Decomposition Using Data Combination}},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
volume = {224},
number = {2},
pages = {286--305},
year = {2021},
issn = {0304-4076},
author = {Bruce D. Meyer and Nikolas Mittag},
keywords = {Total survey error, Administrative data, Measurement error, Linked data, Data combination}
}

@article{transparency2014,
Author = {Miguel, E. and Camerer, C. and Cohen, J. and Esterling, K.M. and Gerber, A. and Green, D.P and Glennerster, R. and Humphreys, M. and Imbens, G. and Laitin, D. and Madon, T. and Nelson, L. and Nosek, B.A. and Petersen, M. and Sedlmayr, R. and Simmons, J.P. and Simonsohn, U. and Van der Laan, M.},
title = {{Promoting Transparency in Social Science Research}},
Journal = {Science},
Volume = {343},
Number = {6166},
Year = {2014},
Month = {1},
Pages = {30--31}
}

@misc{OECD2023_pop,
author = {{Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development}},
title = {{Working Age Population: Aged 15-64: All Persons for the United States [LFWA64TTUSM647S]}},
year = {2023},
note = {Data retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis},
url =  {https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LFWA64TTUSM647S}
}

@article{parker2019,
  title={{Reported Effects Versus Revealed-Preference Estimates: Evidence from the Propensity to Spend Tax Rebates}},
  author={Parker, Jonathan A. and Souleles, Nicholas S.},
  journal={American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume={1},
  number={3},
  pages={273--290},
  year={2019}
}

@misc{paychexemploymentwatch,
  author = {Paychex},
  title = {{Small Business Employment Watch}},
  month = {4},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://www.paychex.com/employment-watch}
}

@incollection{petev2011consumption,
  author={Petev, Ivaylo and Pistaferri, Luigi and Itay Saporta-Eksten},
  title       = {{Consumption and the Great Recession: An Analysis of Trends, Perceptions, and Distributional Effects}},
  editor      = "David B. Grusky and Bruce Western and Christopher Wimer",
  booktitle   = {{The Great Recession}},
  publisher   = {New York: Russell Sage Foundation},
  year        = 2011,
  pages       = "161-195",
  chapter     = 6
}

@techreport{pwcpulsesurvey,
 title = {{PwC US CFO Pulse Survey}},
 author = {{PwC}},
 year = "2020",
 month = "6",
URL = "https://www.pwc.com/us/en/library/covid-19/pwc-covid-19-cfo-pulse-survey.html"
}

@incollection{sahm2019,
  author      = "Claudia R. Sahm",
  title       = {{Direct Stimulus Payments to Individuals}},
  editor      = "Boushey, Heather and Nunn, Ryan and Shambaugh, Jay",
  booktitle   = {{Recession Ready: Fiscal Policies to Stabilize the American Economy}},
  publisher   = {Washington, D.C.: Brookings},
  year        = 2019,
  pages       = "67--92",
  chapter     = 3
}

@article{sahm2010,
  title={{Household Response to the 2008 Tax Rebate: Survey Evidence and Aggregate Implications}},
  author={Claudia R. Sahm and Matthew D. Shapiro and Joel Slemrod},
  journal={Tax Policy and the Economy},
  volume={24},
  number={1},
  pages={69--110},
  year={2010}
}

@article{sahm2012,
Author = {Claudia R. Sahm and Matthew D. Shapiro and Joel Slemrod},
title = {{Check in the Mail or More in the Paycheck: Does the Effectiveness of Fiscal Stimulus Depend on How It Is Delivered?}},
Journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
Volume = {4},
Number = {3},
Year = {2012},
Month = {4},
Pages = {216--250}
}

@article{VillaBoasSearHashtag,
 title = {{Are We \#StayingHome to Flatten the Curve?}},
  author={Sears, James and Villas-Boas, J Miguel and Villas-Boas, Sofia Berto and Villas-Boas, Vasco},
  journal={American Journal of Health Economics},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={71--95},
  year={2023}
}

@misc{sba_statement,
  title={{Joint Statement by SBA Administrator Jovita Carranza and U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven T. Mnuchin Regarding Enactment of the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act}},
  author={{Small Business Administration}},
  year={2020},
  series={{Small Business Administration Release Number 20-45}}
}

@article{summers1984improved,
  title={{Improved International Comparisons of Real Product and its Composition: 1950--1980}},
  author={Summers, Robert and Heston, Alan},
  journal={Review of Income and Wealth},
  volume={30},
  number={2},
  pages={207--219},
  year={1984}
}

@article{summers1991penn,
  title={{The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950--1988}},
  author={Summers, Robert and Heston, Alan},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={106},
  number={2},
  pages={327--368},
  year={1991}
}

@misc{USBEA_NIPA,
  author = {{U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis}},
  title = {{National Income and Product Accounts}},
  year = {2020},
  note = {data retrieved from U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts}
}

@misc{BLS2023_uninc,
author = {{U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}},
title = {{Employment Level - All Industries Self-Employed, Unincorporated [LNU02027714]}},
year = {2023},
note = {Data retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis}, 
url =  {https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNU02027714}
}

@misc{BLS2023_inc,
author = {{U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}},
title = {{Employment Level - Total Wage and Salary, Incorporated Self Employed [LNU02048984]}},
year = {2023},
note = {Data retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis},
url =  {https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNU02048984}
}

@misc{BLS2023_pop,
author = {{U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics}},
title = {{Population Level [CNP16OV]}},
year = {2023},
note = {Data retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis},
url =  {https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CNP16OV}
}

@misc{SUSB2017,
author = {{U.S. Census Bureau}},
title = {{2017 Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) Annual Data Tables by Establishment Industry}},
year = {2017}
}

@report{sbprofile2020,
  title={{2020 Small Business Profile}},
  author={{U.S. S.B.A Office of Advocacy}}, 
  year={2020}
}

@article{vavra2021,
Author = {Vavra, Joseph},
title = {{Tracking the Pandemic in Real Time: Administrative Micro Data in Business Cycles Enters the Spotlight}},
Journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
Volume = {35},
Number = {3},
Year = {2021},
Month = {8},
Pages = {47--66}
}

@techreport{taxfoundation,
  title={{Senate Direct Payment Design Would Create High Implicit Marginal Tax Rates}},
  author={Watson, Garrett},
  year={2021},
  type={Tax Foundation}
}

@article{yagan2019employment,
  title={{Employment Hysteresis from the Great Recession}},
  author={Yagan, Danny},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={127},
  number={5},
  pages={2505--2558},
  year={2019}
}